Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, who lived in northeastern India in the sixth century B.C. His teachings, which were preserved by his disciples, are often summarized as the Four Noble Truths, of which the fourth is also called the Eightfold Path.
The Four Truths can be stated as follows:
1. Life is anguish and suffering
2. These are caused by caring and attachment
3. Attachment can be overcome
4. There are specific ways to accomplish this.
Implicit in these truths is the idea that all living things are interconnected, so that no one has an independent existence. This interdependence brings about attachment, which is associated with emotions such as greed, lust, hatred, and desire. Because these emotions are the ultimate cause of unhappiness and misery, it is necessary to overcome them. This requires a person to let go of clinging and hatred, and fully accept imperfection, impermanence, and interconnectedness. Anyone who can do this will reach the state of nirvana.
The Sanskrit word nirvana can be literally translated as "a blowing out as of a flame." Symbolically this refers to the extinction of all worldly illusions and passions, which is basic to achieving final peace of mind.
The way to reach nirvana is contained in the fourth Noble Truth, or Eightfolld Path. This involves taking a middle course between such competing philosophies as materialism and idealism, or hedonism and asceticism. The person who wants to follow this path must adopt a right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation. Hindrances which must be overcome include lust, restlessness, worry, sloth, and doubt. Very long periods of meditation are needed to obtain full and final success.
The Buddha, originally a prince of the Shakyas, is thought to have lived from 566 to 486 BC. At the age of 29 he left the palace and spent six years meditating and reflecting on the meaning of life. Eventually he became a wandering teacher and attracted many disciples. After he died, Buddhism slowly spread from India to Central Asia, China, Tibet, and Japan. Today it has approximately 350 million followers.
BuddhaNet -- This is a worldwide Buddhist information network. It includes a directory, a news service, a library, daily readings, and various study guides.
About Buddhism -- This site proposes that the study and practice of Buddhism can enable anyone to become a better person, and presents a detailed path to follow for this purpose.
Introduction to Buddhism -- Many excellent articles can be found on this site, which emphasizes the psychological and philosophical aspects of Buddhism. Even non-Buddhists may be able to gain from a study of this religion's principles, regardless of his or her other beliefs.
The Buddhist Religion -- This website gives a thorough description of the history, beliefs and practices of Buddhism. The description is in keeping with the site's basic philosophy of tolerance for all religious and spiritual beliefs.